Guidance

Employing disabled people and people with health conditions

Updated 1 September 2022

This guidance provides a summary of information for employers to help:

• increase their understanding of disability
• enable them recruit and support disabled people and those with long term health conditions in work

It has links to other resources to enable employers to become more confident when attracting, recruiting, developing and retaining disabled people.

1. Why recruit disabled people?

1.1 Definition of disability

A disabled person is defined as someone with a physical or mental impairment that has a ‘substantial’ and ‘long-term’ effect on their ability to do normal daily activities (Equality Act 2010).

1.2 The benefits of employing disabled people

Over 7.7 million people of working age in the UK are disabled or have a health condition. Historically there has been a significant gap between the proportion of disabled people employed compared with non-disabled people.

Encouraging applications from disabled people is good for business. It can help you to:

• increase the number of high quality applicants available
• create a workforce that reflects the diverse range of customers it serves and the community in which it is based
• bring additional skills to the business, such as the ability to use British Sign Language (BSL), which could result in large savings

The costs of making reasonable adjustments to accommodate disabled employees are often low.

The benefits of retaining an experienced, skilled employee who has acquired an impairment are usually greater than recruiting and training new staff. It is also good for the individual.

Disability Confident

We are working with employers to:

• give them the skills, techniques and confidence they need to recruit, retain and develop disabled people
• increase the understanding amongst employers of disability and the benefits disabled people can bring to their businesses
• steadily increase the number of employers, across all sizes, sectors and locations, signing up to be Disability Confident and taking action that will make a difference to disabled people
• make a substantial contribution towards getting 1 million more disabled people in work by 2027

Find out more about the Disability Confident campaign.

2. Help employing disabled people

2.1 Reasonable adjustments

You must make reasonable adjustments to support disabled job applicants and employees. This means ensuring disabled people can overcome any substantial disadvantages they may have doing their jobs and progressing in work (Equality Act 2010).

An individual can take you to an employment tribunal if they think you have not made reasonable adjustments.

Many reasonable adjustments involve little or no cost and could include:

• making changes to a disabled person’s working pattern
• providing training or mentoring
• making alterations to premises
• ensuring that information is provided in accessible formats
• modifying or acquiring equipment
• allowing extra time during selection ‘tests’

Find out more about what reasonable adjustments are and what you may need to do.

Access to Work can help towards the costs of making reasonable adjustments.

More information on reasonable adjustments, including examples, is in Chapter 6 of the Equality Act 2010 Code of Practice.

2.2 Help with the extra costs disabled people face in work

You may be able to get help from Access to Work towards some costs where an individual requires support or adaptations. Find out more in the Employer’s guide to Access to Work.

Access to Work usually provides a grant to pay for the cost of the support. For example it can provide funds towards:

• special aids and equipment
• adaptations to equipment
• travel to and from work
• communication support at interview
• a wide variety of support workers

Access to Work also has a Mental Health Support Service. This can offer support to individuals with a mental health condition who are absent from work or finding work difficult.

2.3 Health Adjustment Passport

The Health Adjustment Passport is a document that is completed by Individuals with a disability or health condition to help them identify what extra support they will need as a result of their disability or health condition in the workplace.  This could include provision of:

• help communicating at interview
• help with travel to work or travelling in work time
• workplace assessments
• specialist IT software
• specialist equipment
• a support worker

The passport will provide a personalised live document of their in-work support needs and adjustments. It can help with a smooth transition into employment and when changing job roles.

2.4 Supporting older workers

Older workers often have a vast amount of experience, knowledge and skill. By not retaining older workers you can face a loss of output and extra recruitment costs.

Our help and support for older workers page provides information on employing older workers.

2.5 Supporting disabled people to remain in work

You can get help from the Employer Adviser and Work Psychology Services at Jobcentre Plus if an employee:

• becomes disabled
• has a change in their impairment or health condition that could mean they face barriers to remaining in work

For more information contact Jobcentre Plus.

Work and Health Programme

The Work and Health Programme (WHP) was launched throughout England and Wales on a rolling basis between November 2017 and April 2018. It predominantly helps people with a wide range of health conditions or disabilities, as well as the long-term unemployed, and certain priority groups, to enter into and stay in work, using the expertise of private, public and voluntary, and community sector providers.

WHP providers are building strong links to national and local employers to identify employment needs, identify roles and provide more individual training to better match people’s skills to jobs. They also offer light touch in-work support from job start for the participant if they need it, and ensuring that appropriate arrangements for continuation of support, including Access to Work is in place before the provider support ends.

For more information on available support, employers can contact the following WHP providers:

Area	Provider
Central and Home Counties	Shaw Trust
North East	Reed in Partnership
North West	Ingus
Southern	Seetec Pluss
Wales	Maximus UK

3. Disability law

3.1 Discrimination

It is against the law to treat someone less favourably than someone else because of a personal characteristic, such as being disabled. There are different kinds of discrimination.

Discrimination does not have to be direct to be illegal. You can discriminate indirectly with working conditions or rules that disadvantage a group of people more than another.

Discrimination can include, for example:

• not hiring someone because of their disability
• selecting a particular person for redundancy because of their disability
• paying someone less than another worker without good reason

Find out how to avoid discriminating against disabled people during the recruitment process and while they work for you.

3.2 Dealing with performance issues

All employees, whether or not they are disabled, have changes in their performance levels. These could be problems with attendance, behaviour or conduct.

Before starting action to deal with poor performance, you must make reasonable adjustments to allow a disabled employee to improve their performance. If you don’t, they could take you to an employment tribunal.

4. How to recruit disabled people

4.1 Accessible job adverts

You must not discriminate against disabled people at any stage of the recruitment process.

You must make job adverts accessible to all those who can do the job, whether or not they are disabled.

When writing job adverts:

• use a font that is easy to read and large enough to read
• make sure that they don’t exclude any section of the community
• state clearly that you welcome applications from all sections of the community and that you have an equal opportunities policy
• include in your person specification only the skills and experience which are vital to the job
• do not set criteria which automatically exclude certain groups, for example stating that applicants must have a driving licence when there is no requirement for travel within the role
• provide the contact details of someone in your organisation who can provide further information and discuss any reasonable adjustments that the applicant may need
• offer alternative formats for applications, for example if the application is to be made online, provide a paper based form as an alternative

4.2 Conducting interviews

Under the Equality Act 2010 you must not ask about a job applicant’s health until you have offered them a job, except to:

• find out whether they need any reasonable adjustments during the recruitment process
• find out if they can carry out an essential function of the job
• monitor whether applicants are disabled (this must be anonymous)

Ask applicants if they need an adjustment to the interview process to allow them to be considered for the job. Make any adjustments if they are reasonable, for example:

• use premises that are fully accessible
• change lighting or room layout
• show a visually impaired applicant to their seat
• offer an alternative to a standard interview, for example a working interview or allow extra time
• allow applicants to complete a written test using a computer

When interviewing a disabled applicant, help them to perform to the best of their ability by:

• speaking directly to them rather than any support worker
• telling them about any flexible working patterns that you may be able to offer them
• making sure that you ask each applicant the same questions, whether or not they are disabled

4.3 Disability Confident symbol

The Disability Confident symbol replaced the ‘Two Ticks’ (positive about disabled people) symbol in 2016.

Disability Confident is creating a movement of change, encouraging employers to think differently about disability and take action to improve how they recruit, retain and develop disabled people.

Being Disability Confident is a unique opportunity to lead the way in your community, and you might just discover someone your business cannot do without.

Sign up to the Disability Confident scheme and you can use the Disability Confident symbol on adverts to show that you encourage applications from disabled people.

Find out how to sign up to the Disability Confident scheme and get the Disability Confident symbol.

5. Advice on specific conditions

5.1 Mental health conditions

Mental Health conditions cover a wide range of illnesses which can affect how people feel, think and behave. They can include:

• depression
• anxiety
• bipolar disorder

According to the Mental Health Foundation, 1 in 4 people experience a problem with their mental health every year. It’s likely you will at some point employ someone with a mental health condition. Being in work can improve someone’s mental health. With understanding and support from an employer, there is no reason that someone with a mental health condition cannot succeed in the workplace.

Adjustments for employees with a mental health condition include:

• offering flexible working patterns, including changes to start and finish times and adaptable break times
• changing their working environment, for example providing a quiet place to work
• working with them to create an action plan to help them manage their condition
• allowing them leave to attend appointments connected with their mental health

For more information and support visit:

• Mind
• SANE
• Time to Change

5.2 Hearing impairment

Someone with a hearing impairment may have:

• partial or complete hearing loss
• had their impairment from birth or it may have increased gradually over time
• a temporary or permanent impairment

The proportion of people with a hearing impairment who are in work is below the national average. However, there are many people with a hearing impairment who are in work and even more who would like the opportunity to be in work.

The National Deaf Children’s Society (NDCS) has developed a collection of resources with the Department for Education (DfE) to support the transition young people with a hearing impairment make into employment. These resources include a personal profile template for young people to complete about their working environment needs, an employer handbook and short videos aimed at young people, parents and employers.

Adjustments for an employee with a hearing impairment include:

• providing information in accessible formats
• seating an employee in a quiet area, away from distracting noises
• using adapted telephones with adjustable volumes and lights

For more information and support visit:

• Work - RNID
• British Deaf Association
• UK Council on Deafness

5.3 Visual impairments

There are almost 80,000 registered blind and partially sighted people of working age in the UK (not including conditions which can be corrected by glasses or contact lenses). The majority have some useful vision. They represent a huge pool of potential employees.

Advances in technology mean that blind and partially sighted people can now overcome many of the barriers to work that they faced in the past. With the right training, skills and experience a blind or partially sighted person can do just about any job. Just like any other worker, they will need the right tools to do the job, for example additional tools that reduce or eliminate the need for eyesight.

Adjustments for a blind or partially sighted employee include:

• offering additional training about visual impairments for other colleagues
• making alterations to the working environment
• supplying documents in audio or Braille formats
• carrying out a risk assessment of the workplace
• arranging a tour of the workplace
• providing software or technology that magnifies onscreen text and images or converts text to sound

For more information and support visit the RNIB.

5.4 Physical impairments

A physical impairment is one which limits a person’s ability to do physical activity such as walking. These impairments may be as a result of:

• amputation
• cerebral palsy
• injury
• muscular dystrophy
• multiple sclerosis

Some physical impairments may not be visible such as epilepsy or respiratory disorders.

Many people with physical impairments have mobility aids to assist them. You may only need to take a few simple steps to ensure an employee with a physical impairment can fulfil their potential at work.

Adjustments for a physically impaired employee include:

• providing assistive computer equipment such as modifications to hardware or voice activated software
• agreeing an emergency evacuation procedure with them if they require assistance
• making sure that the layout of the working environment is accessible and free from obstructions

For more information visit:

• Cerebral Palsy
• Leonard Cheshire Disability
• Muscular Dystrophy UK
• Multiple Sclerosis Society

5.5 Hidden impairments

Hidden impairments are conditions that are not apparent to others. They are thought to affect 10% to 15% of the population. They include:

• autistic spectrum conditions (ASCs)
• dyslexia, dyspraxia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dyscalculia
• learning disabilities

Autistic spectrum conditions (ASCs)

In the UK, half a million adults are thought to have an ASC. They may have difficulties with:

• communication
• understanding the feelings of others
• meeting new people
• adapting to change and new routines

People with an ASC may also have high levels of accuracy, attention to detail and a good memory for figures.

Adjustments for an employee with an ASC include:

• maintaining a structured working environment and routine
• avoiding language which is hypothetical or abstract
• avoiding making statements which could be taken literally

For more information and support visit:

• Autism Alliance UK
• Autism Plus Autism Plus
• The National Autistic Society

Dyslexia

About 10% of the UK population are thought to be affected by dyslexia. Even where literacy skills have been mastered, people with dyslexia have difficulties with reading efficiently and spelling. They may struggle with tasks such as:

• organisation and time-management
• writing or structuring documents
• retaining information (without written back-up)
• note taking in meetings
• working under pressure of time

Potential strengths of people with dyslexia include creative and innovative thinking and good communication skills.

Adjustments for an employee with dyslexia include:

• providing text-to-speech or speech-to-text software
• allowing meetings to be recorded
• giving instructions verbally
• providing written information on coloured paper

For more information and support visit:

• Dyslexia Action
• British Dyslexia Association
• Dyslexia Adult Network (DAN)

Dyspraxia (developmental co-ordination disorder)

Co-ordination difficulties associated with dyspraxia (DCD) can affect many areas of everyday life, such as learning to drive or ride a bicycle and acquiring fluent word processing skills. Some people with dyspraxia appear clumsy, with weak muscle tone. They may also have poor social skills and come across as abrupt. Dyspraxia also affects the ability to organise ideas, language and information.

Tasks with the following elements are challenging for people with dyspraxia:

• sequencing, organisation, time-management and prioritising
• managing change and coping in unfamiliar situations
• extracting information from charts or diagrams and following maps
• learning new skills
• working at speed or to deadlines

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

ADHD is often associated with specific learning difficulties and a range of mental health issues. People with ADHD show signs of inattention, impulsivity, over-activity and restlessness.

Difficulties in the following areas characterise ADHD:

• poor listening skills and being easily distracted
• difficulties maintaining attention, concentration and focus
• problems with planning, organisation and time-management
• talking excessively, interrupting or intruding on others
• problems with controlling and switching their attention as needed, for example starting, switching or finishing tasks and activities
• failure to take account of feedback
• poor self-regulation of actions and emotions

Dyscalculia

Dyslexia and dyspraxia may affect numeracy skills but the term dyscalculia refers to more severe difficulties with numeracy and concepts involving numbers. It affects around 5% of the population.

People with dyscalculia struggle in the following areas:

• handling money, budgeting and dealing with finances
• time-telling, such as recording times, dates and appointments correctly
• using pin numbers and dialling phone numbers
• remembering personal information, like date of birth, addresses and post codes
• travelling and directions, reading road numbers and making sense of timetables

Learning disabilities

It is estimated that up to 1.5 million people in the UK have a learning disability. They may have difficulties learning new skills and coping independently with everyday tasks.

Many people with a learning disability are in work and with the right support can be hard-working and reliable employees.

Adjustments for an employee with a learning disability include:

• altering the recruitment process to allow work trials instead of formal interviews
• using supported employment providers to offer in work support to help learn a role
• providing information in accessible formats

For more information and support visit:

• British Institute of Learning Disabilities
• Mencap

Neurodiversity at work

Neurodiversity refers to the different ways our brains work and interpret information.

The CIPD neurodiversity at work guide aims to raise employer awareness of neurodiversity in the workplace. It provides information about neurodiversity, the benefits for organisations, and how to support neurodivergent people at work.

5.6 Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a condition that affects the brain. When someone has epilepsy, it means they have a tendency to have epileptic seizures.

Anyone can have a one-off seizure, but this doesn’t always mean they have epilepsy. Epilepsy is usually only diagnosed if someone has had more than one seizure, and doctors think it is likely they could have more.

Epilepsy can start at any age and there are many different types. Some types of epilepsy last for a limited time and the person eventually stops having seizures. For many people epilepsy is a life-long condition.

For more information and support visit:

• Epilepsy Action

5.7 Stammering

Stammering is hard to define even though everyone knows it when they hear it. Stammering is typically recognised by a tense struggle to get words out, characterised by repetition or prolongation of sounds, and silent blocks (known as ‘overt stammering’). However, many people who stammer have developed techniques to hide it (known as ‘covert stammering’).

We know that stammering has no influence on someone’s intelligence or abilities. However, personal experiences can affect educational attainment, career choice, professional success and even mental health.

Stammering varies tremendously from person to person and is highly variable for the person who stammers.They may be fluent one minute and struggling to speak the next.

Stammering affects about 500,000 adults in the UK, including 380,000 adults of working age.

For more information and support visit:

• STAMMA

5.8 Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis

Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis are Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. In Crohn’s and Colitis, the immune system starts attacking the body. This causes painful ulcers and inflammation in the gut.

Everyone experiences the conditions differently, but the main symptoms include tummy pain, diarrhoea, fatigue, and blood or mucus in poo. Other parts of the body can also be affected: from your digestion and joints to your energy levels and mental health.

Crohn’s and Colitis are invisible, because you cannot tell by looking at someone that they have the condition. These are lifelong conditions, but this does not mean that someone with the condition will always be unwell. Treatments like medicines and surgery can help keep symptoms under control.

Visit Crohn’s & Colitis UK for more information and support.

5.9 Dwarfism

A person with dwarfism is typically under the height of 4 foot 10 inches, there are over 200 different types of dwarfism, with around 7,000 people in the UK having one of these dwarfism types. 80% of people with dwarfism are born to average height parents and their condition is as a result of a spontaneous mutation. Some forms of dwarfism can be passed down to children.

Many conditions of dwarfism can have some medical complications, but most people have an average life expectancy and intelligence, proving themselves to be productive members of society. Slight adaptations may be required in the workplace for a person with dwarfism, however speaking with the person with dwarfism will determine the extent of these adaptions, however this should not be a barrier for a person with dwarfism to undertake their work commitments.

Find more information and support.

6. Guidance from other organisations

The Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (Acas) provides free advice for employers on employment legislation including advice on age and the workplace.

The Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) promotes and monitors human rights. It protects, enforces and promotes equality across 9 areas: age, disability, gender, race, religion and belief, pregnancy and maternity, marriage and civil partnership, sexual orientation and gender reassignment.

The Business Disability Forum (BDF) is an employer organisation that offers information, support and advice on disability as it affects business. It can help employers to make sure that their online recruitment tools and processes are fully accessible for disabled people.

Clear Talents can help organisations identify and manage reasonable adjustments for job applicants, employees and students. It is free to use for applicants.

The British Association for Supported Employment (BASE) is the national trade association involved in securing employment for disabled people. The website offers guidance for employers on disability and work. BASE members work closely with disabled jobseekers and employers to help find sustainable work for the disabled person.

The Disability Action Alliance brings together disabled people’s organisations with other organisations to work in partnership to change the lives of disabled people.

Vercida is a place for the diversity industry, employers, and jobseekers to communicate. The site brings together the best of what the industry has to offer with a broad range of views from employers, jobseekers, and diversity policy makers.

The Mental Health Foundation is a leading mental health charity for research, policy and improving services. It offers a range of training and courses for individuals and employers.

Maximus UK provides wide ranging support to help employers to recruit and retain talented and motivated disabled people.

The Do It Profiler has resources for employers to help them to understand specific learning disabilities and their relevance to the workplace.

Evenbreak is a social enterprise run by and for disabled people, helping employers attract more talented disabled people through their specialist job board, and gain confidence and competence around disability inclusion through their best practice portal.

Careers with Disabilities supports jobs for disabled people by providing information, support and connection for disabled jobseekers and inclusive employers.

7. Toolkits

The Autism Centre for Research Employment (ACRE) Autism Employment Toolkit – for the Employment Profiling Assessment services for Adults on the Autism Spectrum. The portal aims to introduce you, or the person you support, to the most relevant work issues you need to know about.

The Business in the Community and Public Health England – Mental Health toolkit. The ambition of this toolkit is to help your organisation – whether business, public sector or charitable – support the mental health and wellbeing of your employees. It will help you take positive actions to build a culture that champions good mental health and provide a greater understanding for how to help those who need more support.

The Business Disability Forum Disability Standard criteria (log in required) highlights business areas to consider to meet the needs of disabled people as customers, employees and stakeholders.

Clear Talents is an online toolkit that simplifies the process of identifying, implementing and tracking the reasonable adjustments that allow your employees to perform at their best.

The DWP autism and neurodiversity toolkit is a resource to support awareness and understanding of autism spectrum conditions and hidden impairments. It provides practical guidance for supporting people who have neurodiverse conditions, including examples of reasonable adjustments. Employers are encouraged to use the toolkit to help support employees with autism spectrum conditions and hidden impairments.

Do-IT Solutions Neurodiversity Workplace Toolkit provides, helps to unlock the hidden talents in your employees and provide guidance for you and them.

How to implement the Thriving at Work Mental Health Core Standards in your workplace). The Government’s independent review, ‘Thriving at Work’, includes 6 core and 4 enhanced standards for how organisations can better support employees’ mental health.

Crohn’s & Colitis UK’s Are You IN? toolkit helps employers to better support people living with invisible disabilities and long-term conditions. The toolkit includes a range of free resources including talking guides, posters, HR support and more.